Effects of Carpomyia incompleta Infestation on the Chemical Characteristics of Ziziphus spina-christi L. Fruits
The results of this study showed that natural infestation by the jujube fruit fly (Carpomyia incompleta) induces clear physiological and chemical changes in jujube fruits (Ziziphus spina-christi L.). Infestation led to a decrease in the relative content of chlorophyll, carotenoids, total protein, total soluble solids (TSS), and soluble carbohydrates compared to healthy fruits, indicating impaired photosynthesis and metabolism, and a decline in the fruit's nutritional value. Conversely, infested fruits exhibited an increase in total phenolic content compared to healthy fruits at all study sites. This suggests that the infestation stimulated the plant's chemical defense mechanisms, as phenolic compounds are among the most important secondary metabolites that accumulate in response to the biotic stress caused by the insect larvae feeding within the fruit. The results also showed variations across all studied chemical properties among the study sites, indicating that local environmental conditions, along with insect infestation, contribute to determining the physiological and chemical response of jujube fruit. These findings suggest that the jujube fruit fly not only affects crop quantity but also reduces fruit quality and nutritional value, underscoring the importance of implementing integrated pest management programs to minimize infestation and maintain the quality and productivity of jujube fruit.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Ali Mahmood Haider, Hassan Al-khshemawee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Genetic Variability, Heritability, and Trait Association Analysis of Physiological and Morphological Traits in Iraqi Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes
Assessing genetic diversity and trait relationships is essential for identifying useful selection criteria in rice breeding. In this study we looked at genetic variability, broad sense heritability, genetic advance, and also how traits relate to each other, focusing on some selected physiological and morphological characteristics across five Iraqi rice, Oryza sativa L. genotypes. A field trial was carried out under a randomized complete block design with three replications, during the 2025 summer season in Wasit Governorate, Iraq. Chlorophyll content, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, leaf area, plant height, and number of tillers were noted at heading to flowering stage, 113 days after sowing. The variance analysis, showed significant to very significant differences among genotypes for every trait we measured, which suggests there was a clear and measurable phenotypic variation inside the materials that were tested. Analysis of variance showed significant to highly significant differences among genotypes for all traits examined, so it looks like there is clear phenotypic variation across the materials that were tested. The Local Amber genotype managed to record the highest mean values for chlorophyll SPAD, flag leaf dimensions, leaf area, plant height, and number of tillers, all within this particular environment. Broad-sense heritability was from 71.93% for flag leaf length up to 96.32% for number of tillers, but genetic advance as a percentage of the mean was top for number of tillers and leaf area. Overall, these outcomes point that number of tillers and leaf area may be more responsive to selection in the tested genotypes. Pearson correlation analysis then indicated positive relationships among essentially all measured traits, and especially strong links were observed between leaf area and flag leaf width, plant height, and number of tillers. Overall, the findings provide preliminary evidence of useful variability among Iraqi Amber-type rice genotypes and suggest that leaf area and tiller number may serve as potential indirect selection indicators. Further multi-location and multi-season studies including grain yield are recommended to confirm their breeding value.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Hussein Tuama Abbood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spatiotemporal Variability of Physicochemical Water Quality Parameters in the Tigris River within Kut City, Iraq
This study examined the spatiotemporal variations of water quality of Tigris River in Al-Kut city, Iraq to evaluate anthropogenic and hydrological effects. Sixteen physicochemical parameters were analysed from September 2025 to May 2026 and sampled monthly at four monitoring stations, according to the ISO 5667 protocols. The results showed stable baseline levels of pH (7.27±0.19) and dissolved oxygen (8.08±1.66mg/L); while pollution indicators (COD, phosphate, turbidity and nitrate) exhibited high variability (CV>70%). A distinct spatial gradient was observed, with the upstream site being optimal and sites in the urban areas being extremely degraded. Progressive deterioration was found from the autumn (WQI ≈ 50) to the spring (WQI >1300) with seasonal analysis; this was attributed to the lack of hydrological flushing and thermal changes, and possible cumulative organic loadings. Two independent drivers were found using principal component analysis: mineral concentration/dilution gradient (PC1, 51.6% variance) and an organic/nutrient enrichment axis (PC2, 19.6%). Water quality patterns were also confirmed by hierarchical clustering which showed that spatial differentiation is completely masked by the effect of seasonal forcing. These results emphasize the importance of the system during the spring season and the need for a system of seasonally adjusted management practices to lessen the effects of urban and agricultural pollution in semi-arid watersheds.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Asawer Aad Yasser1 and Rasha Mohan Salman 2 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Phosphorus-Solubilizing Bacteria, Organic Fertilizer, and mineral phosphate fertilization on NPK Concentrations in Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) under Calcareous Soil Conditions
A field experiment was conducted in autumn 2025 at the fields of College of Agriculture, University of Wasit to evaluate the effect of inoculation with phosphorus solubilizing bacteria, liquid organic fertilizer Bio-60 and different levels of mineral phosphate fertilizer triple superphosphate (TSP) on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations in cabbage plants cv. Club Star. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangements consisting of three replications. The first factor was the inoculation with phosphorus solubilizing bacteria at two levels; no inoculation (A ₀) and 12 mL plant⁻¹ (A₁). The second factor consisted of two levels of organic liquid fertilizer (Bio-60) (no application, O₀; 5 mL plant⁻¹ in the O₁). Third factor was mineral phosphate fertilizer TSP at three levels 0, 50 and 100 kg ha⁻¹ (M₀, M₁ and M₂). The effects of fertilization on all studied traits were significant at P ≤ 0.05. The control treatment (A₀O₀M₀) recorded the lowest values of N, P and K with 0.51, 0.236 and 0.755%, respectively. By contrast, the interaction between all three factors A₁O₁M₂ was significantly better and gave the maximum values of 1.89, 0.409, and 2.567% for N, P, and K, respectively. This higher efficiency can be explained by the synergistic effect of biofertilization, organic fertilization, and mineral phosphate fertilization on nutrient availability and on nutrient uptake efficiency. Phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria increase phosphorus availability and stimulate rhizosphere activity, and organic fertilizer enhances soil physical properties and nutrient holding capacity. On the other hand, mineral phosphate fertilizer provides a direct source of available phosphorus. These findings indicate that integrated fertilization is a promising approach to enhance the nutritional status of cabbage plants and the content of macronutrients under calcareous soil conditions.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Hawraa Riyad Hadi1 and Kahraman Hussan habeeb2 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physiological Adaptation and Stress Dynamics in Indigenous Chickens Following Transition from Natural to Intensive Rearing System: A Longitudinal Hematological, Biochemical, and Hepatic Biomarker Study
In this study, the physiological adaptation and stress reaction of Iraqi indigenous chickens was assessed after the change from natural rearing system to intensive rearing system, related to the connection between housing system and health-status biomarkers. Twenty-five hundred birds were used, divided into five experimental replicates, and analyzed periodically for complete blood count (CBC) and blood glucose, lipids and liver enzymes, and specific stress indicators. The results showed that the conversion to the intensive system resulted in significant and clear changes: the RBC count decreased by 3.2×106/µL to 2.6×106/µL and the level of hemoglobin (Hb) went down from 12.5g/dL to 10.0g/dL. In contrast, there were consistent elevations in blood glucose (from 180 to 265 g/dL) and triglycerides (from 83 to 143 g/dL) while white blood cell (WBC) counts rose consistently from 20 to 32 ×103/µL. In addition, there was a noticeable metabolic stress load on the liver reflected by a significant increase in the H/L ratio (1.07) and a decrease in the A/G ratio (1.5 to 1.0), suggesting a shift in protein balance towards immune activity to deal with the rearing conditions. The overall results indicate that indigenous chickens are at risk of experiencing real physiological and metabolic stress due to intensive rearing systems, and require careful management of their hormonal status and productivity.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Rasool Hassan Khalati1, Shaimaa G. A. Al-Rubaye2, and Ali Ahmed Khalaf3 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
أثر زراعة القطن والذرة والسمسم في استنزاف التربة ومقارنة تأثيرها في خصائصها الكيميائية
اختير موقع الدراسة ضمن الارض التابعة لمركز الزراعة الجافة داخل جامعة الموصل ضمن محافظة نينوى زراعت بذور محصول القطن والسمسم بتاريخ 3 /6/ 2025 اما محصول الذرة بتاريخ 3/7/ 2025 ، جمعت عينات التربة مستثارة من الطبقة السطحية (0-30 cm) للترب مواقع الدراسة وبثلاث مكررات لكل موقع بعد حصاد المحاصيل. استخدم سماد داب بنسبة (0 : 46 : 18) وسماد يوريا بنسبة (46 %) في عملية التسميد ، استخدمت منظومة الري بالرش لري المحاصيل بمياه نهر دجلة . بينت النتائج درجة تفاعل التربة في ترب الدراسة كانت متعادلة تميل بشكل قليلاً الى القاعدية تراوحت من (7.20) الى (7.35) اما الايصالية الكهربائية لترب الدراسة تراوحت بين (0.50 dS m-1) الى (0.75 dS m-1) لذلك جميع ترب مواقع الدارسة تعتبر جيدة من ناحية الايصالية الكهربائية. تشير النتائج إلى وجود تباين واضح في درجة استنزاف التربة بين المحاصيل المدروسة بعد نهاية التجربة وحصاد محاصيل (القطن ، والذرة ، والسمسم) ، إذ تبين ان القطن أعلى تأثير مُجهِد للتربة، يليه الذرة، في حين كان السمسم الأقل تأثيرًا لعنصري النتروجين والفسفور كانت النسبة المئوية للنتروجين (21.6 ، 36.3 ، 91.0) لكل من ترب محاصيل القطن والذرة والسمسم على التوالي ، اما النسبة المئوية للفسفور تراوحت بين (31.5 ، 38.0 ، 45.0) لنفس المحاصيل
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Khalid Ekhlayef N. Alhadidi, Mohammed S. AlTaweel, Haneen H. A. Al-Jubory2, Maan Mohammed Salih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the efficiency of some plant extracts and biological agents againt whitefly Bemisia tabaci on eggplant plant Solanum melongena
This study was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of some aqueous extracts of the plant’s sweet basil Ocimum basilicum, shrubby Lantana camara, and Eucalyptus camaldulensis, and the two biological fungi Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma viride against the whitefly insect Bemisia tabaci. This experiment was implemented at the Agricultural Research and Experimental Station associated with the College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. The results of the laboratory experiment showed the superiority of the aqueous extract of O.basilium, as it achieved a mortality percentage of 45.36%, followed by the aqueous extract of shrubby L.camara with a mortality percentage of 41.38%, while the aqueous extract of E.camaldulensis achieved a mortality percentage of 37.36%. As for the biological fungi, the fungus B.bassiana achieved the highest mortality percentage, which reached 47.68%, and it was significantly superior to the biological fungus T.viride, as the mortality percentage reached 42.71%. As for the field experiment, the aqueous extract of sweet basil achieved a relative efficiency of 41.66%, which was superior to the extracts of shrubby lantana and eucalyptus, as the relative efficiency on nymphs reached 36.18 and 33.42%, respectively. As for the biological fungi, the biological fungus B. bassiana achieved a relative efficiency of 36.77%, which differed significantly from the biological fungus T. viride, as it achieved a relative efficiency of 31.86%.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Dawood Salman Hamid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
تأثير توليفات مختلفة من السماد العضوي والحيوي على نمو محصول الباقلاء المحلي
الملخص نُفِّذت تجربة باستخدام سنادين تحتوي كل منها على 4 كغم من تربة رملية مزيجية (Sandy loam) خلال الموسم الزراعي 2024-2025 في كلية الزراعة والأهوار بمحافظة ذي قار. تم استخدام التصميم العشوائي الكامل (CRD) بثلاثة مكررات. اختُبِرت خمس معاملات سمادية هي C0B0 (0 طن/هكتار سماد + 0% فحم حيوي)، C1B1 (4 طن/هكتار سماد + 2.5% فحم حيوي)، C2B2 (6 طن/هكتار سماد + 5% فحم حيوي)، C3B3 (8 طن/هكتار سماد + 10% فحم حيوي)، و C4B4 (10 طن/هكتار سماد + 15% فحم حيوي). خُلِط الكمبوست مع الفحم النباتي وأُضيفا عند الزراعة. زُرِعت بذور صنف محلي من الباقلاء (Vicia faba L.). شملت الصفات المقاسة: ارتفاع النبات، عدد الأوراق، عدد الأفرع لكل نبات، وعدد الأزهار لكل نبات.هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم تأثير الإضافة المشتركة للكمبوست والفحم النباتي في صفات النمو لنبات الباقلاء تحت ظروف الزراعة في السنادين . أظهر التسميد بالكمبوست والفحم النباتي تأثيراً معنوياً في جميع صفات النمو المقاسة، بطريقة تعتمد على التركيز. سُجِّل أعلى متوسط لارتفاع النبات (43.00 سم) تحت المعاملة C4B4. أعطت المعاملة C3B3 أكبر عدد أوراق (292.00 ورقة.نبات⁻¹) وأعلى عدد أفرع لكل نبات (9.33 فرع.نبات⁻¹). كما حققت المعاملة C4B4 أكبر عدد أزهار (79.00 زهرة.نبات⁻¹). إن إضافة الكمبوست والفحم النباتي معاً، وخاصة بالمستويات الممثلة في المعاملتين C3B3 وC1B1، تُحسِّن الصفات الخضرية والتكاثرية الرئيسة لنبات الباقلاء. تدعم هذه النتائج استخدام المُحسِّنات العضوية المتكاملة لتحسين أداء المحصول تحت ظروف الزراعة المحكمة (في العبوات).
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Saad Adnan Alkamash https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating effect of Salicylic acid and Proline on inducing resistance in Tomato(Solanum lycopersicon L.) plants against Eearly blight caused by the Alternaria alternate fungus
A factorial experiment was conducted in the greenhouse during the 2024-2025 year to study the effect of spraying tomato plants with six concentrations (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 ml.L-1) of Salicylic acid and Proline on their resistance to infection by the fungus Alternaria alternate which caused early blight disease . The results showed decrease in the average number of flowers, fruits, and fruit weight with increasing concentrations of Salicylic acid and Proline. Conversely, the results showed an increase in defensive enzymes in the tomato plant, as recorded the activity of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme in plants treated with salicylic acid, with activity increasing with increasing concentration. The highest value was recorded at 2.5 ml. L-1 (3.978 g. L-1), while the lowest value was 2.953 g. L-1 at a concentration of 0.5 ml. L-1. Conversely, enzyme activity decreased with increasing proline concentration, reaching a peak of 3.286 at 0.5 ml. L-1 and a minimum of 0.879 at 2.5 ml. L-1. In contrast, the levels of PO, total protein, and lignin increased with increasing salicylic acid and proline concentrations, reaching peaks of 0.365, 1.839, and 31.13, respectively, at 2.5 ml. L-1, and minimums of 0.212, 1.489, and 16.40, respectively, at 0.5 mL/L. Salicylic acid coefficients were highest at 2.5 mL/L, at 0.290, 1.818, and 20.66, respectively, and lowest at 0.5 ml. L-1, at 0.153, 1.484, and 13.66, respectively. Regarding the salicylic acid content in the plant, its coefficients decreased with increasing concentration, reaching a high of 41.18 at 2.5 ml. L-1and a low of 16.47 at 0.5 ml. L-1. In contrast, the proline content in the plant increased with increasing concentration, reaching a high of 119.06 at 2.5 ml. L-1and a low of 93.50 at 0.5 ml. L-1. By exploiting the plants' innate resistance to pathogens, the use of resistance inducers may reduce the need for environmentally toxic chemicals in disease management. Therefore, we propose using proline and salicylic acid as unconventional and environmentally friendly alternatives for plant protection and promoting sustainable agriculture.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Roqia Ahmed Abaas1, Areej abdulsattar farman Al-Rawi2 and Rabab Majead Abed1 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phylogenetic Analysis of Selected Avian Species Based on Mitochondrial Gene Sequences Using Neighbor-Joining and Kimura 2-Parameter Model
Mitochondrial DNA markers have been extensively used to study avian phylogenetics and to identify species, but their relative effectiveness across major orders has not been systematically evaluated. This paper examined 16 COI and 13 cytochrome b sequences that were retrieved in GenBank and they represented species of Galliformes, Anseriformes, and Columbiformes.. Phylogenetic reconstruction was performed using MEGA11 with node robustness established through 1,000 bootstrap replicas. Multiple sequence alignment, Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) distance estimation, and Neighbor-Joining phylogenetic reconstruction were done using MEGA11. Analysis of genetic distance and nucleotide composition was also done. Results showed a highly conserved intraspecific variation (0.000 -0.007) versus a good deal of interspecific and inter-order divergence (0.12 -0.35), establishing an obvious hierarchical pattern of divergent change. These two markers resolved three major order-level lineages with high bootstrap support (≥90%) and consistently recovered three major order-level lineages, indicating high topological congruence. Although shallow nodes demonstrated strong support, deeper basal relationships demonstrated weak confidence, potentially due to rapid evolutionary radiation or short length of sequences. The compositionally stable content of GC across taxa (mean: 47.248.6%). Together, these results support the use of COI and cytochrome b as highly reliable markers when it comes to the discrimination of avian species and phylogenetic inferences at shallow evolutionary depths. The given genetic distance thresholds provide practical standards of future DNA barcoding and taxonomic studies of birds.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Mrtatha K. Al Zrkani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Protective Effects of Gum Arabic and Olive Leaf Aqueous Extracts on Hematological Alterations in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Male Rats
Diabetes mellitus is often linked with hematological disorders and immune dysfunctions, which are mainly attributed to oxidative stress and inflammatory processes. The protective effects of gum Arabic and olive leaf aqueous extracts alone and in combination against hematological parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic male rats was evaluated. Forty-two adult male albino rats were randomly assigned into seven groups, six rats in each group (healthy control, diabetic control, diabetic rats treated with gum Arabic, diabetic rats treated with olive leaf extract, diabetic rats treated with gum Arabic treated with olive leaf extract, healthy rats treated with gum Arabic and healthy rats treated with olive leaf extract). A single i.p. dose of alloxan monohydrate (100 mg/kg body weight) induced diabetes. The extracts were orally administered for 4 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, total white blood cell counts and differential leukocyte percentages were determined. The diabetic rats treated with alloxan exhibited significant haematological changes such as decrease in percentage lymphocytes and decrease in hemoglobin concentration, while the percentage neutrophils and percentage monocytes increased. These changes associated with diabetes were significantly improved with treatment using gum Arabic and olive leaf extract. Combined treatment exhibited the highest corrective effect as hemoglobin level was brought back to 15.57 ± 0.16 g/dL, PCV was restored to 38.43 ± 0.60% and TWBCC was returned to 7.93 ± 0.10 ×10³/mm³. It also was beneficial in maintaining a balance in leukocytes, showing higher percentage of lymphocytes and a lower percentage of neutrophils and monocytes than the untreated diabetic rats. Neither extract caused any undesirable haematological effects in healthy rats. The results showed that both the gum Arabic and the olive leaf aqueous extracts alone or in combination could act as protective agents against the diabetic changes induced in the blood of rats by alloxan. Additional studies that include oxidative stress markers, histopathological evaluation, dose–response studies, and use of standard antidiabetic controls are suggested to further elucidate the mechanisms and therapeutic implications.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Ali alzrkani, Nagham Abdul- Sattar AL-Awsi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of the Badra oil field on plant and water pollution in Wasit Governorate, Badra District
To investigate the pollution status of heavy metals (vanadium, cadmium, lead, nickel, and arsenic), and to determine the impact of gases and volatile vapors from the Badra oil field in Badra District, Wasit Governorate, on plant and water pollution, and to measure the concentrations of these Metals in plants and water, and to compare these heavy metal concentrations with the international limits described by the (WHO, 2007) it was noted that heavy metals (vanadium, cadmium, lead, nickel, and arsenic) are considered pollutants of plants and water if their concentrations exceed (2, 0.2, 0.3, 10, and 1) mg/kg dry matter for plants and (0.05, 0.003, 0.01, 0.07, and 0.01) mg/L for water, respectively, three plant sites were selected at distances of (400, 800, and 1600) The source of pollution and water were measured from two locations (400 m and 800 m), in addition to a control sample at a distance of (3000 m). Soil and water samples were collected from the southeastern and northwestern sections of the field, in addition to the control sample. The results of the plant analysis showed a high average total concentration of heavy metals (vanadium, cadmium, lead, nickel, arsenic) at the studied locations in the southeastern part of the Badra oil field. At the first location (400 m), the concentrations were (14.69, 3.23, 15.51, 12.26, 4.55) and (11.14, 1.99, 13.31, 9.31, 3.53) mg/kg dry matter for the plants A. maurorum and Schanginia aegyptica, respectively, compared to the northwestern section at the same distance, with the first location (400 m) showing the highest concentration. As for the water samples, the analysis results showed elevated concentrations of heavy metals (vanadium, cadmium, lead, nickel, and arsenic) at the studied sites in the southeastern part of the Badra oil field. At the first site (400 m), the concentrations of these heavy metals in the water reached (0.092, 0.094, 0.093, 0.761, and 0.053) mg/L, respectively. In comparison, the northwestern part of the field, at the same distance, recorded lower values.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Asaad Hammadi Ghadhib and Mahdi Wasmey Seheib Alaidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Soil Chemical Degradation and Salinization in Al-Suda Marsh, Southern Iraq Using Field Measurements and Sentinel-2 Spectral Indices
Al-Suda Marsh in southern Iraq is in danger of becoming uninhabitable because of a lack of water and salinization. This study combines field soil analyses with Sentinel-2 remote sensing to evaluate chemical degradation and salinity. Soil profiles from three horizons (0-60 cm) revealed clay-dominated textures, high electrical conductivity (up to 11.60 dS/m in Cgk2), elevated sulfate (46.5 mmol/L) and sodium, plus heavy metal accumulation (Fe: 1931 mg/kg surface). Spectral indices (NDVI, Moisture Index) derived from October 2022 imagery validated extensive vegetation loss and desiccation, exhibiting a strong correlation with ground data. The results show that salt and metal can move up through low-permeability clays through capillary action, which confirms that remote sensing can be used to monitor marshes. Urgent water restoration is recommended to mitigate toxicity and restore biodiversity. Samples from three horizons (0-60 cm) showed that the textures were mostly clay, the electrical conductivity was high (up to 11.60 dS/m in Cgk2), the CaCO₃ levels were high (33-41%), the organic matter levels were high (19.8-25.3%), and the heavy metals were mostly in the surface layers (Fe: 1911-1931 mg/kg; Cu: 26.9-30.3 mg/kg; Mn: 265-281 mg/kg). Spectral indices (NDVI, Moisture Index) corroborated extensive vegetation loss and desiccation, substantiating ground data spatially. These results show that marsh soils need to be restored quickly to lower salinity and metal toxicity.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Hasanain Mohamed Mahmood Alaboodaa, Isam Hani Hameedb, and Muntadher Hammadi Al-Budeiric https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physiological and productive response of Vigna radiata L. to the NPK levels and boron foliar application
A field experiment was applied at College of Agriculture, University of Wasit, 2025. The aim of study was to determine the effect of different levels of NPK and boron applied as a foliar spray on mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). The NPK concentration (20-20-20) was used in treatments (F0-F3) at concentrations of (0-10-20-30) ml/L, while the boron concentration (B0-B3) was used in treatments (B0-B3) at concentrations of (0-50-100-150) ml/L. The RCBD experiment was designed as a factorial experiment. The results showed that the highest average concentrations were 30 ml/L for grain yield, biological yield, yield index, and the percentages of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the leaves (2.442 t ha⁻¹, 4.221 t ha⁻¹, 87.27%, 2.842%, 0.481%, and 1.955%, respectively). The highest results were recorded for foliar boron application at a concentration of 150 ml/L for grain yield, biological yield, yield index, and leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content (1.824 t ha⁻¹, 2.727 t ha⁻¹, 77.26%, 2.587%, 0.440%, and 1.76%, respectively). These results allowed researchers to identify how plant growth indicators change when using different levels of NPK nanofertilizers and to determine the interaction effect of NPK nanofertilizers and boron on growth indicators and yield enhancement, ultimately identifying the optimal and most cost-effective formulation.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Hawraa Haider Hasan and Kahraman Hussein Habeeb https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of interaction between seaweed extract and max unique humate on some vegetative growth indicators of Linum usitatissimum L.
This experiment was applied to study the effect of the interaction between seaweed extract and max unique humate on some vegetative growth parameters of flax plants during the 2025-2026 seasons. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used as a factorial experiment with three replications at a probability level of 5%. The first factor (seaweed extract) was applied by spraying at four levels (0, 1, 2, and 3) mL/L, designated A0, A1, A2, and A3, respectively. The second factor (max unique humate fertilizer) was applied to the soil at four levels (0, 12, 16, and 20 kg ha⁻¹), designated H0, H1, H2, and H3, respectively. The results showed that the addition of seaweed extract and max unique humate fertilizer significantly affected some vegetative growth indicators, namely (plant height (cm), root system dry weight (g), and chlorophyll content). The significance of the effect increased with increasing levels of added fertilizer. The H3 treatment (20 kg ha⁻¹) yielded the highest values for the studied traits (60.79 cm, 17.57 g, 30.32 g, respectively), compared to the H0 treatment (no addition), which yielded (39.10 cm, 11.97 g, 22.10 g, respectively). Similarly, the A3 seaweed extract (3 ml L⁻¹) yielded (60.37 cm, 16.17 g, 29.72 g, respectively), compared to the control treatment A0 (0 ml L⁻¹), which yielded (38.08 cm). 13.62 g, 22.87 g) respectively. The interaction between the two factors (A3H3) resulted in the highest significant increase in most of the studied indicators, yielding (70.48 cm, 19.09 g, 33.09 g) respectively, compared to the interaction treatment (A0H0), which yielded (31.22 cm, 10.09 g, 20.09 g) respectively.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Ali Hussein Mohsen, Kahraman Hussein Hebeeb and Ahmed Shaker Al-Dahami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A comparative histological study of nervous system development in chickens during 24 and 48 hours of incubation
This study investigated the early development of the central nervous system (CNS) in chicken embryos, comparing morphological and histological changes between 24 and 48 hours of incubation. A total of 150 chicken egg samples were randomly divided into three equal incubation groups (n=50 per group). To ensure baseline uniformity, initial egg weights were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, which revealed no statistically significant differences between the cohorts (p > 0.05). Following incubation for 1-16,24, and 48 hours, embryos were extracted, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, processed histologically, and stained with Harris hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Morphological and microscopic examinations demonstrated that after 24 hours of incubation (Hamburger-Hamilton stages HH8–HH9), the embryos were at the neural plate stage, characterized by an open neural groove and elevating neural folds. By 48 hours of incubation (stages HH12–HH13), primary neurulation was completed, showing a fully closed neural tube separating from the surface ectoderm, alongside primary brain vesicle differentiation and adjacent somites. Ocular micrometer measurements showed a significant increase (p≤0.05) in neural tube length and width by 48 hours. It was concluded that the 24 to 48-hour incubation window represents a critical phase for primary neurulation and early brain regionalization governed by intrinsic genetic programs rather than external egg metrics.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Zahraa Basim Ekrayyem and Haider Ali Nasser https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study of behavior pathway and composition of Hyoscyamus albus L. plant across grith stages
An experiment was conducted to determine the metabolic pathway of tropane alkaloids (Hyoscyamine and Scopolamine) in white henbane plant (Hyoscyamus albus L.) during vegetative growth and flowering stages. Various amino acids were adapted to investigate their impact on the metabolic pathway, the concentration of alkaloids. The study found that the concentration of Hyoscyamine was the highest in the roots compared to Scopolamine, while; its concentration was the lowest in the fluorescence and floral tips. Conversely, Scopolamine concentration was continued to increase in the shoot (floral tips) and the roots starting from the vegetative growth stage (S1) to the floral growth stage (S2), while the opposite trend was observed in plant leaves. The pathway of hyoscyamine alkaloid began in the roots and it accumulates in the leaves and later in the floral tips. Although alkaloid concentration increased positively in both roots and leaves, it exhibited an inverse pattern in the floral tips during the flowering stage and seed maturity (S2). Amino acids affected alkaloid concentration whether used individually or in combination with the influence of plant growth stages noticed, Ornithine proved the most effective amino acid among others. Understanding the metabolic pathways of alkaloids enables the selection of optimal strategies for plant management and to determine the best time to harvest plant parts containing the highest alkaloid concentrations during their ideal growth stage.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Wameedh Majeed Ali Al-Mafrajee¹, Hussin I. Taresh Almtarfi¹, Ahmed Shaker Al-Duhami¹, and Sara Mohammed Sadiq² https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Emissions from Al-Kut Brick Factory on the Chemical Properties of Groundwater
A field study was applied to determine the impact of brick factories in Wasit Governorate on groundwater pollution with heavy metals in the areas surrounding the factories during the period from August 25, 2023, to April 15, 2024. Water samples were collected from three locations located 250, 500, and 3000 meters from the source of pollution. Chemical analyses were performed on these samples. The results showed local and seasonal variations in the concentrations of heavy metals in the water, leading to an increase in the overall concentration of lead, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, and copper in the studied locations of the water samples near the brick factories and in a southeasterly direction. The brick factory's emissions indicate a significant level of heavy metal pollution in water samples. This pollution stems from gases and vapors emitted from the factory and their transfer to the water at the studied sites via the prevailing northwesterly winds. These metals have exceeded internationally permissible limits. Comparing our study's results for heavy metal concentrations in water samples from the studied sites with international and local standards, we find that the concentration of lead, chromium, and cobalt in the water, particularly in the southeastern direction of the brick factory, for both months exceeded the limits set by international and local organizations for all study sites, as measured by the comparison model. This is attributed to the increased concentration of these metals in the water due to emissions from the brick factory and the atmospheric transfer of heavy metals to the water in the southeasterly direction. The values ​​of lead, cadmium, chromium, cobalt and copper concentrations in the water were generally low in August 2023 compared to April 2024. This is probably due to the variation in climate metals, as the increase in wind speed and the decrease in rainfall in August caused to some extent an increase in the transport distance of the particulates resulting from the emissions of the brick factory.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Wafaa Awad Tama1, Jamal Nasser Abdul Rahman2 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Mitigating Action of Cytokinins on the Water Stress Impact on Wormwood (Artemisia herba-alba)
The drought stress has been considered as one of the most important environmental factors that hamper the growth and productivity of plants particularly in medicinal and aromatic plants whose physiological functions have direct effect on the production of bioactive compounds. Artemisia herba-alba is a highly significant medicinal plant that is known to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory effects because it contains a high level of bioactive compounds which include flavonoids, phenolics, and essential oils. The study was aimed at determining the effects of the cytokinins in alleviating the unfavorable effects of water-stress on the vegetative growth and physiological phenotypes of the Artemisia herba-alba. The experiment was done through a completely randomized design (CRD), in which six treatments were taken, and they were control, drought stress, drought + BAP (0 mg L -1 ), drought + BAP (25 mg L -1 ), drought + BAP (50 mg L -1 ), and drought + kinetin (50 mg L -1 ). The various treatments of cytokinin were used as foliar sprays where the treatments included 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and kinetin used at a given concentration. The treatments were repeated 10 times. Irrigation was cut down to half field capacity to cause drought stress. Measurement of the performance of the various treatments included plant height, leaf area, shoot dry weight, relative water content (RWC) and chlorophyll content and transpiration rate. Plants that were subjected to drought stress were found to have a significant drop in all the parameters that were measured compared to the control plants. Cytokinin application on the leaves of the drought-stressed plants led to a considerable growth in the plants and their physiological activity. Plants treated with kinetin at 50 mg L -1 had the highest plant height, biomass accumulation, leaf area, chlorophyll content and relative water content. The analysis of the data statistically showed that the differences that were seen in treatments are statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). The study states that cytokinins are relevant since they can be used to enhance drought resistance in Artemisia herba-alba by assisting in enhancing the capacity of the plant to use water, as well as retain its capacity to carry out photosynthesis and to develop vegetatively. Thus, this study demonstrates that cytokinins would be applicable under certain conditions as a viable tool to alleviate drought stress in the production of medicinal plants in both dry and semi-dry environments.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Ahmed Abdallah Radhi Al-Maksoosi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Molecular Identification of Fusarium solani and β-Aminobutyric Acid (BABA)-Induced Resistance in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
This study aimed to investigate the molecular diversity of the plant pathogen Fusarium solani using molecular techniques, specifically polymerase chain reaction (PCR), due to its high accuracy compared to conventional morphological identification of fungal pathogens in tomato plants. The internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS4) within ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were targeted for identification. Sequence analysis and comparison with reference sequences available in the NCBI GenBank database confirmed that the studied isolate represents a newly recorded isolate in Iraq, registered under the accession number (PV616682). Pathogenicity tests of F. solani showed a significant reduction in seed germination percentage of tomato cultivar Mansoura F1. Germination rates decreased to 73.33% in Petri dishes and 90.00% in plastic pots, compared to the control treatment, which recorded 100% and 96.66%, respectively. Inhibition percentages reached 26.7% in Petri dishes and 20.0% in pots, whereas the control recorded 0% and 3.34%, respectively. The results further demonstrated that treatment with β-Aminobutyric Acid (BABA) effectively induced systemic resistance in tomato plants by activating key defense-related enzymes, namely Peroxidase (POX) and Catalase (CAT). The combined treatment (F. solani + BABA) recorded the highest enzyme activity levels (2.56 and 2.45, respectively), compared to the control (1.49 and 1.38, respectively), at a significance level of 0.05.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 kawther alkashi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The impact of Origanum vulgare leaves aqueous extract on the Physiological and Antioxidant Factors in adult albino Female Mice
The study aimed to evaluated the effect of aqueous extract of Origanum Vulgare leaves on some physiological and antioxidant parameters on adult female mice for four weeks the results appeared increase in GSH, decrease in MDA, decrease in vitamine C, non significant increase in vit.E , dcrease in urea , non significant increase in creatinine , decrease in blood sugar increase in total protein , albumin and globulin concentration , lower in ALP.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Noor Mahdi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Obstacles to Farmers Apply of Modern Irrigation Techniques in Jasan District, Wasit Province, Iraq
The research aimed to identify the personal characteristics of farmers in the study area, determine the obstacles that limit the use of modern irrigation techniques, and examine the correlational and regression relationships between the studied factors influencing farmers’ adoption of modern irrigation technologies. The study targeted farmers affiliated with the Jassan Agricultural Division in Wasit Province. The research population consisted of approximately 1000 farms, from which a random sample representing about 10% was selected. Accordingly, the study sample included 100 farmers who represented the target group of the research. The results showed that the majority of the respondents were men (92%). Regarding the age variable, the highest proportion of respondents belonged to the middle-age group (53%). The findings also indicated that 58% of the respondents worked in agriculture as their main occupation, while most respondents had a high level of farming experience (75%). In addition, the annual non-agricultural income of the respondents was highest among the middle-income group (39%).The results further revealed a positive and statistically significant correlation at the 0.05 level between the dependent variable, represented by water scarcity obstacles, and several independent variables, including the level of education, the total number of family members, and annual non-agricultural income. Based on these findings, the study recommends attracting international agricultural companies specialized in modern irrigation technologies to the study area in order to support farmers and encourage them to adopt advanced water management practices.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Ali Hashim Abdulrazzaq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotypes sensitivity to Fusarium solani infection under protected cultivation
This study evaluated the susceptibility of ten tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotypes to Fusarium solani and the biochemical defense responses in the greenhouse. One F. solani isolate (F4) was found to be most virulent and its identity was molecularly confirmed as F. solani based on ITS region sequencing (Accession No. PZ146854). The incidence and severity of the disease were assessed sixty days after inoculation. Genetic variability was observed among the genotypes, with a substantial resistance response. In particular, 'Mercur' and 'Fairuz F1' were highly resistant (0.00% incidence and severity), whereas 'Balkis F1' was the most susceptible (100% incidence and 85% severity). To better understand the defense mechanism, the activities of defense enzymes - polyphenol oxidase (PPO); peroxidase (POD); and catalase (CAT) - were measured. In resistant cultivars, all defense enzymes were rapidly and highly activated after infection. In 'Mercur', PPO increased from 1.67 to 2.50 U/g FW, POD from 1.57 to 2.34 U/g FW, and CAT from 3.35 to 4.36 U/g FW. In contrast, the susceptible 'Balkis F1' exhibited a relatively mild increase in all defense enzymes (PPO: 1.09 to 1.78 U/g FW; POD: 0.96 to 1.38 U/g FW; CAT: 2.84 to 2.85 U/g FW). This suggests that the high genetic resistance in 'Mercur' and 'Fairuz F1' is intimately associated with the antioxidant enzyme system. Therefore, these genotypes are suggested as potential breeding lines for resistance to soil-borne fungal pathogens in tomato.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Thulfiqear A. Jabbar1, Aqeel N. AL-Abedy2, and AbdulZahra J. Ali2 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Isolating fungus from textile wastewater and assessing their efficacy in decolorizing colors.
Textile wastewater is different because it has a lot of synthetic dyes, salts, surfactants, and dangerous organic pollutants that pose a big risk to the environment. Conventional treatment procedures are often costly and ineffectual in removing persistent azo dyes. This study evaluated the bioremediation potential of three fungal strains,Trametes versicolor, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and Aspergillus nige for the treatment of textile wastewater during a 14-day period. The efficacy of decolorization and the reductions in chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and total suspended solids (TSS) were thoroughly assessed. T. versicolor was the most effective of the strains tested, with 93% dye decolorization and 79% COD reduction. P. chrysosporium reduced the chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 73% and the color by 86%. A. niger reduced the color by 70% and the COD by 57%. The BOD levels went down by 67%, 62%, and 49%, while the TSS levels went down by 59%, 53%, and 42% for T. versicolor, P. chrysosporium, and A. niger, respectively. Spectrophotometric analysis revealed a substantial decrease in absorbance at λmax (520–620 nm), confirming the cleavage of azo bonds and the deterioration of aromatic structures. These results highlight the considerable potential of white-rot fungi, particularly T. versicolor, as viable and environmentally friendly agents for the bioremediation of textile effluent.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Qusay A. Abdulameer, Iman H Gatea, Ameena G Abid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Application of Nanotechnology for Improving physical properties of Degraded soils
This study aimed to study the effects of nanotechnology on improving the physical properties of degraded soil in Dhi Qar Governorate, which faces environmental challenges such as high salt content, water shortage, and deterioration of the physical structure of the soil. Emphasis has been placed on the use of nano-materials such as nano-silica and nano-clay, improving bulk density, permeability, water conductivity and water-holding capacity of soil. Preliminary results show that nanomaterials contribute significantly to enhancing soil structural cohesion, increasing in-situ capacity, reducing permeability in sandy soil, and improving pore distribution. In addition, the use of nanotechnology has improved water use efficiency and reduced degradation caused by corrosion or erosion. The study recommends broader application of nanotechnology in affected areas in Iraq, with a focus on conducting long-term field studies to ensure effectiveness and environmental sustainability. Technology is a promising tool for achieving sustainability of agriculture and water resources in the face of increasing environmental challenges.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Zahraa KhaledKameel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Tillage Systems and Soil Mulching on Soil Temperature at Different Depths during the Growth of Maize (Zea mays L.) in a Semi-Arid Environment
Soil temperature is an essential factor influencing heat transfer within agricultural fields, varying primarily according to soil management systems. This study focused to investigate and study the effect of soil preparation methods and mulch used types on soil temperature at different depths during the plant growth stages of maize in an arid area. The field experiment was conducted at the Wasit Governorate Agriculture Directorate / Agricultural research station, in the Al-Kardhiya area, using a structured panel layout. The study included five soil preparation systems: no-till, reduced tillage, straw-covered tillage, conventional tillage, and deep tillage with rotavator. Three mulch types were used: organic mulch with wood shavings, inorganic mulch with gravel, and a no-mulch treatment. Soil temperature at depths of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm was measured at regular intervals times throughout the growing season. No statistical analysis was done; description and graphical interpretation were done. The results showed that the surface layer (0 cm depth) captured the highest temperatures during the germination stage, and then gradually decreased with advancing growth stages; this is happened due to many factors such as mainly increased plant shading. Deep tillage with clotting but without mulch resulted in higher temperatures at all depths, while tillage with straw and organic mulch (wood shavings) reduced soil temperatures and increased thermal stability. The results demonstrate that integrated conservation tillage with organic mulch can mitigate soil temperature fluctuations and enhance thermal stability, providing a practical strategy for improving soil management and supporting crop production in arid regions.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 AL-Hawraa Haider Adnan1, Jamal N. A. Al-Sadoon2, Ahmed A. G. Al-Shammary 2 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE CONSUMPTION AWARENESS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SOME ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL FACTORS FOR THE RURAL POPULATION IN WASIT PROVINCE
Increase the level of awareness of local consumers is necessary with international standards of food quality and safety and methods of preserving and packaging products, which in turn affects consumer behavior. This was reflected in defining some important criteria on which the consumer is based, so the need to enhance the consumer's ability to distinguish between the different types and items offered in the market arose. The main objective of the research is to identify consumer awareness and its relationship to some economic and social factors for the rural population in Wasit province in Iraq. The research included all rural residents in a random sample of (204) respondents from rural communities (10%) randomly surveyed. The study concluded that about 37% of the respondents with limited income viewed the date of production and expiry of the food products, and about 66% of them had fallen into buying spoiled or adulterated goods, and thus about 17% turned away. To buying imported goods, about 41% of the respondents distinguish goods of good quality. It is clear that with an increase in the total monthly income of the respondents, their consumer awareness increases when they purchase food products. The significance of the test was shown statistically between the educational status of the respondents and the variables expressing consumer awareness. The statistical significance of the test was also shown between the number of sources of information of the respondents and the variables expressing their consumer awareness. The results also showed the need for the government to work on implementing all or some of the roles of protecting consumers from falling into the consumption of spoiled or adulterated goods that negatively affect their security and health, especially the roles related to the control of local markets.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2025 Ali Hashim Abdulrazzaq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Treated Wastewater Irrigation on Soil Chemical Properties, Potato Yield, Tuber Quality, and Heavy Metal Accumulation under Semi-Arid Conditions
Treated wastewater is becoming a source of water for agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions where freshwater supplies are scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of wastewater-treated irrigation on the water quality, soil chemical properties, growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), tuber quality, microbial contamination, and accumulation of heavy metals under field conditions in Al-Shuwaija, Wasit Governorate, Iraq. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two irrigation water sources (river water and treated wastewater) was used. Standard laboratory methods were used to analyze the water, soil and plant samples, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) at p ≤ 0.05 was used to assess the effects of the treatments. Both treated wastewater and river water were found to have significantly higher electrical conductivity, TDS, COD, BOD, total nitrogen, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, sodium adsorption ratio, sodium percentage, and cadmium and nickel concentrations than treated wastewater. The use of treated wastewater for irrigation increased the soil fertility by raising both the organic carbon and organic matter, cation exchange capacity, total nitrogen, and nutrient availability, and increased soil salinity and the level of trace metals. Irrigating potato plants with treated wastewater resulted in better vegetative plant growth, such as height, biomass, and number of leaves. River water irrigation, however, produced significantly more tubers, weight of tubers, total yield, marketable yield, and marketable yield percentage. The quality parameters of tubers, such as dry matter, starch, and specific gravity, were lower under TW irrigation. In addition, treated wastewater resulted in higher Cd, Ni, Pb, Cr, Zn, and Cu content in tubers and higher counts of coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli in treated wastewater. Hence, treated wastewater can be used as an alternate source of irrigation water, but it must be monitored for salinity, microbial contamination, and heavy metal accumulation.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Isam Hani Hameed1, Hasanain Mohammed Mahmood Alabooda2, Muntadher Hammadi Al-Budeiri3 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
تقييم فعالية مستخلص زيت المورنكا في حفظ بعض المنتجات الغذائية
أجريت هذه الدراسة على المستخلص الزيتي لبذور المورينكا وتقييم فاعليته في بعض بكتيريا الملوثة للأغذية. تم اختبار فعالية مستخلص الزيتي للمورينكا في تثبيط بعض العزلات البكتيرية حسب تراكيز (50، 100، 200، 300) ملغم/ مل ضد عزلات بكتيريا Pseudomonus spp-Ps. ، E. coli وBacillus spp. ، وقد أظهرت النتائج أن تركيز 50 ملغم/ مل كان الأقل نشاطاً مثبطاً، في حين أعطى تركيز 300 ملغم/ مل اعطى أعلى نشاط مثبط، بينما أعطى تركيز 200 ملغم/مل فعالية مثبطة متوسطة، في مناطق التثبيط (14، 12، 8) ملم على التوالي. وتم اختياره للاستخدام في بعض عمليات حفظ الأغذية (الجبن والحليب واللحم المفروم). تم اختبار فعالية المستخلص الزيتي بتركيز 200 ملغم/مل في تقليل العدد الكلي للبكتيريا الهوائية في عينات (الجبن واللبن البلدي واللحم المفروم) في فترات (1، 3، 5، 7 و12) يوماً تحت درجة حرارة (6 ± 1) درجة مئوية وبالمقارنة مع السيطرة السالبة ( بدون معاملة)، أظهرت النتيجة فعالية المستخلص الزيتي بتركيز 200 ملغم/ مل في تقليل العدد الكلي للخلايا البكتيرية الهوائية وكانت مطابقة للمواصفة القياسية الصادرة عن الجهاز المركزي للتقييس والسيطرة النوعية في العراق والخاصة في اللحوم المفرومة الطرية و البان الصالحة للاستهلاك البشري.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Suha Mohamed Ibrahim1, Salwan Sufyan Ibrahi2, Safauldeen Adnan3, and Amel Hussein Ali4 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Thermal Insulation on Honey Bee hives Activity
A study was aimed to determine the effect of thermal insulation on bee colony activity from April 26th to May 30th, during which temperatures ranged from 32°C to 45°C. Three treatments were used: the first used fiberglass insulation and a wooden box containing a Lancaster hive; the second used a white-painted wooden hive containing a Lancaster hive; and the third served as a control, consisting solely of a Lancaster hive. The results showed that the first treatment was superior in both the thermal insulation properties of the air surrounding the hive and the temperature inside the hive. It also increased the area of ​​brood, honey, and pollen by 32.50, 1214, 426, and 220 square meters, respectively. The final weight of the hives was 22.7, 21.70, and 16 kg, respectively. The average number of frames per hive was 6.882, 6.716, and 6.049, respectively.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2025 Hassnen T. Kareem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0