Dijlah Journal of Agriculture Sciences (DJAS) is an quarterly and Double Blind Peer Reviewed Journal publishing accepted papers in all branches of Soil, Plant Protection, Crop Science, Horticulture, Food Science, Animal Production, Economics and Agricultural Extension submitting by all scholars throughout the world.
The effect of adding different levels of NPK using GIS systems in some areas of Dhi Qar and Wasit
The study was conducted in the governorates of Wasit and Dhi Qar, with two sites selected in each. Wasit Governorate included Al-Hay District and Al-Muwafaqiyah Sub-district, while Dhi Qar Governorate included Al-Qal'ah District and Al-Fajr District. The soils in each site varied in some of their physical and chemical properties. Only nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers were applied to all the study fields. Samples were taken from the fields before planting for the required analyses. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were used to predict certain soil fertility parameters and produce a fertility map for each area. Based on fertility assessment and using the standard multiplication method, soil properties affecting crop fertility were identified. This method, adapted from the Sys method for soil assessment, was used to determine the soil properties that influence fertility for crop cultivation. Furthermore, the final fertility map was correlated with wheat yield for each area, and a database of soil properties was built with minimal effort and cost. Therefore, the study results indicated the existence of three soil types in terms of fertility assessment in the study areas. The highly fertile and infertile soil types were not observed in the study areas. The fertile soil type comprised 30% of the soil in Al-Hayy, 30% in Al-Muwafaqiyah, and 20% in Al-Qalaa, but was not observed in Al-Fajr. This type is characterized by its high NPK content. The moderately fertile soil type comprised 40% of the soil in Al-Hayy, 30% in Al-Muwafaqiyah, 50% in Al-Qalaa, and 60% in Al-Fajr. This type is characterized by its good NPK content. The low-fertility soil type comprised 30% of the soil in Al-Hayy, 40% in Al-Muwafaqiyah, 30% in Al-Qalaa, and 40% in Al-Fajr. This type is characterized by its medium NPK content.
Ali Hassoun Abbas Al-Khafaji and Kahraman Hussein Habeeb
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating the role of bio-inoculations and organic fertilization in the vegetative characteristics of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.).
A field experiment was conducted in one of the fields of Al-Amin area in Dhi Qar Governorate/Al Rifai District during the winter season of 2023-2024, to evaluate the effect of bacterial inoculation (Pseudomonas fluorescens), fungal inoculation (Trichoderma harzianum), and organic fertilization (wheat straw compost) on the growth and yield of rapeseed Brassica napus L. cultivar Bactol. The experiment was conducted as a simple one-way experiment within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates, each containing 12 randomly distributed treatments. The bacterial inoculum, P. fluorescens, was added at two levels (0 and 12 mL/hole), designated B0 and B1 respectively. Similarly, the fungal inoculum, T. harzianum*, was added at two levels (0 and 5 g/hole), designated F0 and F1 respectively. Their phosphate solubility in solid and liquid media was tested. Wheat straw compost was applied at three levels (0, 15, and 30 µg/h), designated O0, O1, and O2 respectively. The results showed that the treatment with the addition of 5 g of T. harzianum* was effective. The F1 variety achieved the highest average plant height (305.16 cm) and the dual treatment of fungus and 30 µg of organic fertilizer (F1O2) achieved the highest averages for leaf area (507.83 cm²) and stem diameter (2.98 cm). The triple treatment of bacterial and fungal inoculant and 15 µg of organic fertilizer (B1F1O1) showed the highest rates for chlorophyll (48.47 SPAD), number of secondary branches (87.44), and dry weight (215.77 g).
Najm Abd Yasser, Kahraman Hussein Habeeb and Jawadayn Talib Alkooranee
Preparation of fertility assessment maps for some soils in Wasit Governorate using Kriging-cokriging technology
The study was applied in Wasit Governorate at three sites: the first in Al-Ahrar District (45.5051995°E - 32.339372°N), the second in Al-Nu'maniyah District (45.5629394°E - 32.336812°N), and the third in Al-Aziziyah District (45.061348°E - 32.911836°N). All required chemical and physical analyses for soil fertility assessment were performed on the study sites, as the soils in each site exhibited varying characteristics. The (GIS) and Kriging-cokriging technology were used to predict some soil fertility parameters and produce a fertility map for each region using the standard multiplication method using the following attributes: percentage of exchangeable sodium, electrical conductivity, soil reactivity, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium carbonate, cation exchange capacity, organic matter, and texture. In addition, a database of soil attributes was built with minimal effort and cost. The results of the study indicated the presence of four soil classes in terms of fertility evaluation in the study areas, as the very fertile soil class did not appear, and the infertile soil class appeared once in the study areas. The fertile soil class F2 reached 40% in the Al-Ahrar region, 20% in the Al-Nu’maniyah region, and 20% in the Al-Aziziyah region. This soil type is characterized by a clayey-silty texture, good organic matter, neutral pH, good NPK content, high CEC values, moderate lime content, low ESP content, and low salinity (EC). The medium-fertility soil type F3 appeared at 40% in the Al-Ahrar area, 60% in the Al-Nu'maniyah area, and 33.33% in the Al Aziziyah area. This type is characterized by a clayey-silty texture, moderate organic matter, neutral pH, good NPK content, high CEC values, moderate lime content, low ESP content, and low salinity (EC). The low-fertility soil type F4 reached 20% in the Al-Ahrar area, 20% in the Al-Nu'maniyah area, and 40% in the Al-Aziziyah area. This variety is characterized by the following features: it contains a clayey silt, clayey, and sandy mixture texture; relatively poor organic matter; neutral pH; good NPK content; average CEC values; average lime content; relatively high ESP content; and moderate salinity (Ec).
Hussein Saeed Hussein and Kahraman Hussein Habib
The Effect of adding different levels of sulfur on the growth of canola Brassica napus L.
An experiment was conducted in the fields of Al-Shuhaymiya district, Wasit Governorate, during the 2021-2022 winter growing season. Agricultural sulfur was added at different levels, along with the bacterium Thiobacillus thioparus, to investigate the soil pH and its effect on the growth of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). A factorial experiment was conducted using a completely randomized block design (RCBD). The experiment included two factors: the first factor was the addition of four sulfur concentrations (0%, 12%, 24%, and 36%), and the second factor was the addition of two levels of T. thioparus bacteria (5 ml and 10 ml of bacteria per planting hole). Three replicates were performed for all treatments, which were randomly distributed among the treatments, resulting in a total of 36 experimental units. Rapeseed seeds were sown on October 20, 2021. The results showed that the treatment with 36% sulfur and 10 ml/hole of T. thioparus bacteria resulted in the highest average number of bacterial colonies in the field experiment after 30 days of germination, which is considered the peak growth of T. thioparus bacteria. This reached 1866.66 x 10⁴ cells/g of soil, compared to 1066.66 x 10⁴ cells/g in the control treatment. The results also showed that the treatment with 36% sulfur and 10 ml/hole of T. thioparus bacteria at harvest time resulted in the greatest decrease in soil pH within the experiment, reaching 6.89 compared to 7.86 in the control treatment. Furthermore, the treatment with 36% sulfur and 10 ml/hole of T. thioparus bacteria recorded the highest level of available sulfur in the soil at harvest time, reaching 42 mg/kg of soil in the field experiment, compared to the control treatment. 20.44 mg/kg of soil. The treatment of adding 36% sulfur and 10 ml/hole of T. thioparus bacteria recorded the highest concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in rapeseed plants, where the NPK concentration rates reached 3.81, 0.85 and 2.66% respectively in the field experiment, while the NPK rates in the control treatment were 1.13, 0.51 and 1.20% respectively.
Ahmed Abbas AL-Gharani, Kahraman Hussein Habeeb and Jawadayn Talib Alkooranee
A study of population abundance, development of the southern cowpea beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, (Coleoptera:Bruchidae) in Wasit Province
The cowpea beetle is a widespread insect and a major pest of legumes, both in the field and in storage, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions, and indeed wherever legumes are grown or stored. The aim of study was estimate of population abundance, development of the southern cowpea beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, in Wasit Province. The percentage of infestation varied according to weather conditions. Different types of insect pests were found. It was found that population of insects increase with increasing humidity and decreasing temperatures, while multiple infestations were found, including (Bruchus rufimanus Boh, Liriomyza trifolii.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study effect of Al-Zubaidia Electric Station in soil polution with heavy metals with different locations and wards in Wasit Province
To study the pollutions with some heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Cr), a field study was applied to determine the effect of the Al-Zubaidia Electric Station in Wasit Province on soil pollutions by heavy metals in some area surroundings the industrials. Samples collected for three locations including 400, 900 and 1800 m away from pollutions sources, and the fourth site (control) was from the northwestern. Soil samples were collected at two depths (0-50) and (50-75) cm from southeastern, and northwestern areas. The result found an increase in total concentrations rate of heavy metals for lead, nickel and chromium in studied sites in the southeastern of the industrial at a depth of (50-0) cm, which is 400 m away from the asphalt industrial. These metals have exceeded the globally permissible limits, especially in the southern direction compared to the soil of the distant sites in the northwestern direction, especially at Depth (50-75) cm. Human activities were the main sources of the increase in pollutions standards values (CF and PLI). The CF values indicated the occurrence of large to very large pollution, especially in southeastern compared to northwestern areas, which recorded lower values.For PLI values, it indicated the occurrence of deterioration of the studied soils, especially in the southeastern area of the soils close to the laboratories. Therefore, the study recommends not to cultivate in the soils close to the Al-Zubaidia Electric Station and to use modern methods to reduce the gas emissions.
Mahdi Wasmey Seheib Alaidi1 and Asmaa Hussein Allawe 2
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahdi Wasmey Seheib Alaidi1 and Asmaa Hussein Allawe 2 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Virtual Screening of Plant-Derived Compounds and DrugBank Ligands Targeting the BH3-Binding Groove of Mcl-1 for Anticancer Therapy
Myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl -1) is an anti -apoptotic protein of the Bcl -2 family, frequently overexpressed in various cancers, contributing to tumor survival and chemoresistance. Natural and synthetic small molecules that target the BH3 -binding groove of Mcl -1 represent promising therapeutic strategies. In this study, we performed virtual screening of selected plant -derived compounds alongside DrugBank ligands, including fenticonazole, to evaluate their potential as Mcl -1 inhibitors. Redocking of the native ligand (19G400) validated the molecular docking protocol. Molecular docking analyses revealed that fenticonazole, a DrugBank ligand, exhibited a strong binding affinity ( -9.0 kcal/mol) compared to the co -ligand ( -7.7 kcal/mol) and formed a network of stabilizing interactions with key residues, including ARG263, PHE270, MET231, VAL253, and ALA227. Plant -derived compounds, represented by curcumin in this study, also demonstrated favorable interactions within the BH3 -binding groove. Hydrophobic, π -π T -shaped, π-alkyl, π-sulfur, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions predominated, reflecting high structural complementarity with the binding pocket. These findings suggest that both natural and repurposed synthetic compounds can effectively occupy the functional anti -apoptotic pocket of Mcl -1, potentially restoring apoptotic signaling in cancer cells. The study highlights the utility of virtual screening in identifying lead compounds from plant extracts and drug libraries, providing a foundation for further experimental validation and anticancer drug development targeting Mcl -1.
Mcl -1, virtual screening, molecular docking, BH3 -binding groove, plant -derived compounds, DrugBank ligands, anticancer therapy
Copyright (c) 2025 Marwah Abdoul Ameer Al Shouber https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Planting Dates and Potassium Application on Wheat Tolerance to Irrigation with Saline Water
The experiment investigated the effects of planting dates, irrigation water quality, and potassium fertilizer levels on wheat growth, yield, and selected soil chemical and physical properties under saline irrigation conditions. The study was conducted during the 2024–2025 agricultural season in Al-Akhd area, Al-Rifai District, Dhi Qar Governorate. The field was prepared using standard plowing and leveling practices, and the experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a split–split plot arrangement and four replications. Planting dates were assigned to main plots, irrigation water quality (fresh and saline) to subplots, and potassium fertilizer levels (0, 60, and 120 kg ha⁻¹ as potassium sulfate) to sub-subplots. Wheat cultivar Nazar was planted on two dates, while recommended nitrogen and phosphorus rates were applied uniformly. Potassium was added according to treatment levels. Results showed that the early planting date (November 1) numerically exceeded the late date in most traits, including number of spikes and grains per spike, although differences were not statistically significant. Planting dates had no significant effect on plant height, 1000-grain weight, or harvest index. Potassium fertilization had a significant positive effect on number of spikes, grain yield, 1000-grain weight, and harvest index, with increases observed as potassium levels increased from K0 to K2. However, the number of grains per spike decreased significantly with higher potassium levels. Fresh irrigation water showed numerical superiority over saline water in most traits, though differences were generally non-significant. The highest grain yield was obtained under early planting with fresh water, while the lowest occurred under late planting with saline water. Overall, potassium fertilization was the most influential factor in improving wheat performance under saline irrigation conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zahra Ahmad Hassan1, Abdul Kareem Hassan Odhafa2, Nabil Raheem Lahmod3 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of adding magnesium sulfate fertilizer on the growth and yield of three varieties of Zea Mays L.
A field experiment was conducted in the autumn season (August 4, 2021) in Dhi Qar Governorate/Qalat Sukkar District, which is (100 km) north of the center of Nasiriyah city at an altitude of (15 m) above sea level. The research aimed to investigate the effect of magnesium fertilization on the availability of nutrients in the soil. The experiment was implemented according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and a factorial experiment with three replicates for three varieties of yellow corn, each of which was treated with four treatments, namely the addition of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4.H2O), and at four levels (soil fertilization T1, foliar fertilization T2, soil+ foliar fertilization T3, and control T0). The treatments were distributed across (12) experimental units measuring (4 x 3) m². Each experimental unit comprised (4 rows, 4 m long, with a spacing of 70 cm between rows, 20 cm between planting holes, and a spacing of (2 m²) between experimental units, (1 m²) between varieties, and (2 m²) between replicates. (3 seeds) were placed in each hole. Thinning was then carried out 3 weeks after planting. Data were collected according to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) table, and the means were tested using the least significant difference (LSD) test at a probability level of 0.05. The most important results are summarized as follows: The T3 fertilization treatment (the combined soil and foliar fertilization treatment) significantly outperformed the other treatments in soil pH, soil magnesium, soil sulfur, soil nitrogen, soil phosphorus, and soil potassium (6.83 mg, 263.6 mg, respectively). 12.43 mg kg-1 soil, 15.19 mg kg-1 soil, 11.85 mg kg-1 soil, 196.9 mg kg-1 soil, respectively, while the T2 treatment (foliar fertilization) significantly outperformed both soil nitrogen and soil potassium, giving the highest averages of (17.82 mg kg-1 soil, 171.8 mg kg-1 soil, respectively).
Osama I. Al-Khuilidi, Kahraman H. Habeeb, Saleh Hadi Al-Salem
Compared the measure and predicted saturated hydraulic conductivity by Soilpar2 for some soils
Eight locations, four of them at the university of Mosul (L1, L2, L7and L8), Al-Shalalat (L3), Baybokh (L4), Khorsobad (L5) and Al-phathlia (L6) were chosen different in vegetation cover at Nineveh governorate. To determine the saturated hydraulic conductivity and compared with saturated hydraulic conductivity by using Soilpar2 program at four depth. soil samples were collected and air dry, then sieved by 2 mm sieve. Physical and chemical properties were determined. Saturated hydraulic conductivity was determined by Constant head method. Soilpar2 was used to predicted Saturated hydraulic conductivity by using Jabro, Jaynes-Tyler and Puckett. Jabro and Jaynes-Tyler methods were depend on soil particles, bulk density and soil depth. While Puckett methods depend on clay percentage and soil depth. Result reveal that the values of Saturated hydraulic conductivity predicted by Jabro were closed to the measure Saturated hydraulic conductivity. The reason was related to soil texture which effect on both measure and predicted hydraulic conductivity. While the values predicted by Jaynes-Tyler were closed to the measure values at L1, L2 and L3. The reason for that related to the lower clay percentage and higher sand percentage. On the other hand, the values of hydraulic conductivity predicted Puckett were closed to the measure values at locations were contents high clay particles
Tahani Shukr Mahmoud and Hisham Mahmoud Hassan
The effect of organic matter, potassium fertilizer levels, and irrigation water salinity on some thermodynamic parameters during the growth stages of yellow corn
A field experiment was conducted in a sandy loam soil at one of the fields of the College of Agriculture, Wasit University, in Al-Kut District, Wasit Governorate, during the autumn season of 2023. The experiment was a factorial experiment using a split-plot arrangement and a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The experiment included three factors: the first factor was two levels of irrigation water salinity (1.26 and 4 dS/m⁻¹), designated S1 and S2 respectively; the second factor was the application of potassium fertilizer (potassium sulfate) at three application levels (0, 50, and 100 kg ha⁻¹), designated K0, K1, and K2 respectively; and the third factor was the application of organic fertilizer (sheep manure) at three application levels (0, 10, and 20 tons ha⁻¹), designated M0, M1, and M2 respectively. Yellow corn seeds of the Baghdad-3 variety were planted on 1/8/2023. Plant samples were taken during the crop growth stages at three planting dates, i.e., after 40, 80 and 120 days from planting. The results showed that the S1M2K2 combination achieved the highest values for all thermodynamic parameters of potassium, ionic strength, ionic activity, activity coefficient and free energy, compared to the S2M0K0 combination, which gave the lowest values for all thermodynamic parameters. By estimating the thermodynamic parameters, the availability of potassium to the soil was determined, as it was moderately available for potassium during the 40 and 80 days from planting dates to soils suffering from a deficiency in potassium availability during the crop maturation stages, i.e., after 120 days from planting. Thus, the thermodynamic criteria were distinguished by very high accuracy and efficiency in their results compared to the results of the traditional chemical criterion, and were more accurate in describing the availability of potassium in the study samples in the short and long term.
Elham Bidallah Jabr Al-Quraishi, Abdulkarim Hassan Adhafa, Laith Salim Salman Al-Shahmani
Isolation Identification and Biocontrol of Fusarium Oxysporum Affecting Zamioculcas Zamiifolia
This study was conducted to isolate and identify the Fusarium oxysporum fungi, the causal agent of wilt in the ornamental plant Zambia Zamioculcas Zamiifolia, in Basra Governorate. The study involved morphological and molecular identification of the fungus, testing its pathogenicity on Zambia plants, and identifying the most effective biological control agents against it. These agents included the fungi Trichoderma viride, T. longibrachiatum, an aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves, and an alcoholic extract of M.oleifera leaves. The results showed that F. oxysporum caused a severe infection rate85.5%, Invitro T. viride exhibited 93.7% inhibition of the pathogen, and T. longibrachiatum 96.2%. The aqueous extract of M.oleifera leaves showed 56.2% inhibition against the pathogen. The results also indicated the superiority of the alcoholic extract of M.oleifera leaves, which demonstrated 98.7% inhibition against the pathogen. In-vivo experiments the pots experiment, the aqueous extract gave the best results fordisease resistance, reached 33.3%, while the alcoholic extract reached 62.5%. Treatments using the fungi T. longibrachiatum and T. viride were similar in reducing the severity of infection, at 41.2% and 41.6% respectively.
Bioremediation, fungi, Copper, Nickel, Incubation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zahraa A. Majeed1 and Anna D. Khamas2 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The allelopathic effect of sunflower residues on the growth of salt-stressed wheat plants
A plastic pot experiment was done in a private nursery in Baquba, the center of Diyala Governorate, during the 2024-2025 growing season. Using three replicates and two variables in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), the experiment aimed to determine the effect of sunflower residues from three parts (roots, stems, and leaves) on the germination and growth characteristics of wheat seedlings under salt stress. Concentrations of 0, 6, 9, and 12 dS/m⁻¹ of NaCl were used. The results showed a significant decrease in the average values ​​of the studied traits with increasing concentrations of NaCl, particularly at 12 dS/m⁻¹. This concentration led to a decrease in germination percentage (46.2%), plant height (53.2%), and the number of branches per plant (19.6%), as well as in the other studied traits. The results indicated that adding sunflower residues to the soil yielded the best results for the studied traits, especially the leaf residues, as they showed the greatest increase in germination percentage and number of branches per plant. Branching in the plant is 8.8% and 37%, respectively.
Copyright (c) 2026 1 Suha Mohammed Alwan and 1Wissam Malik Dawood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of NPK fertilizer, Wood vinegar and Trichoderma hamatum fungus on damping-off disease of tomato seedlings caused by Fusarium solani
Fusarium solani induced damping-off is an important limiting factor for tomato production in Iraq, and leads to severe epidemics with large stand losses. This research aimed to test the efficacy of organic NPK fertilizer, wood vinegar and bio-control fungus Trichoderma hamatum either sole or coupled application against disease incidence and seedling performance. The NPK fertilizer (18 g pot⁻¹) was the best fertilizer treatment and resulted in the highest level of germination rate (80.55%), least seed rot incidence (19.45%) and minimum seedling mortality (9.63%). It also possessed better growth characteristics both among all endophytes tested, such as maximum height of seedling (6.602 cm), shoot dry weight (0.7657 g) and root dry weight (0.06214 g). Among wood vinegar concentrations, the 2% level was the most effective with germination (84.44%) and seed rot (15.56%) both reduced and lower percentage of seedling mortality (7.04%), as well as better growth attributes (seedling height 6.587 cm; shoot dry weight 0.7717 g; root dry weight 0.06237 g). With respect to fungal ratios, the T3:F0 treatment (pure T. hamatum) exhibited the best performance resulting in the highest germination percentage (91.67%), lowest seed rot incidence (8.33%) and most vigorous growth of seedlings (height 6.785 cm; shoot dry weight 0.8460 g; root dry weight 0.07582 g). In conclusion, T. hamatum and 2% wood vinegar combined with NPK at 18 g were observed to substantially contribute to disease control and the improvement of seedling vigor under our experimental condition, suggesting that these appeared promising in integrated management of tomato damping-off.
Copyright (c) 2026 Layth Shakir Abdullah1, Jamal Hussein Kadhim2, and Ameer Kh Yeaser3 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Estimating the quantity of Maillard reaction products in baby biscuits
The Maillard reaction is a non-enzymatic reaction that occurs between reducing sugars and free amines in food products. This reaction alters sensory properties and leads to adverse health consequences due to the production of mutagenic compounds and the resulting lysine deficiency. Numerous attempts have been made to control the Maillard reaction in recent decades. Estimating Maillard reaction products (MRPs) in children's biscuits involves quantifying specific compounds, such as furosene and HMF, using analytical techniques like chromatography. Key factors influencing MRP levels include processing conditions (temperature, humidity and pH), storage duration and conditions, and ingredient composition (fat and protein content). The presence and accumulation of these products, particularly during storage, are crucial for assessing potential health effects on children.
Maillard reaction, baby biscuits, HMF, furosene
Copyright (c) 2026 Rawaa Q. AL-Mayahi, Mohammed Jameel Mohammed and Ahmed I.A. ALnazzal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study UVI, ozone Column and AOD and Investigate the Change in Its values Between a Dust Storm Day and a Calm Day Over Baghdad in 2021
This study examines the daily variations and interactions of aerosol optical depth (AOD), total vertical ozone (O₃), and UV index (UVI) in 2021 to assess their impact on surface UV radiation. The findings indicate that aerosol loading has a major impact on UV transmission, and that greater AOD values diminish surface UVI by increasing scattering and absorption. However, when solar radiation is significant, aerosol absorption may indirectly contribute to ozone generation by boosting lower troposphere temperature. Total vertical ozone continues to serve an important protective role by reducing UV light, and seasonal ozone depletion is regularly related with increased UVI levels. Spring was characterized by moderate to high UVI, as well as increases in AOD and O₃, indicating enhanced photochemical activity. In contrast, summer has reduced aerosol and ozone loads, resulting in generally steady ultraviolet (UV) values that are mostly controlled by humidity and cloud cover. Winter, on the other hand, is distinguished by a consistent reduction in UV light, little photochemistry, and decreased aerosol concentrations. UV radiation has been demonstrated to correlate with both aerosol optical characteristics and ozone column height, indicating its value as an indicator for monitoring air quality, detecting climatic feedback mechanisms, and calculating the danger of human UV exposure. During a dust storm, the number of aerosols in the atmosphere increases dramatically. These particles in the air help to absorb and disperse sunlight. As a result, the AOD increases considerably during a dust storm.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nagham T. Ibraheem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effect of adding sulfur at different levels in the growth of Zea mays in Al-Qadisiyah Province
Zea mays is ranked second in the world after wheat in terms of cultivated area, which may reach about 166 million hectares, while it is ranked first in terms of production from the total global grain production. The aim of study was the effect of four different levels of sulfur at different application times on the growth and yield of plants. The results showed that increasing the levels of sulfur fertilizer in the soil led to an increase in some growth and yield characteristics, and that the highest average leaf area in was achieved in the treatment of adding sulfur at the level of 1500 kg ha-1 in the experiment,. The same treatment also achieved the highest average plant height, which compared to the control level. The treatment of adding sulfur at the level of 1500 kg ha-1 achieved the highest average number of grains per ear, compared to the control. The same treatment achieved the highest average weight of 500 grains. The highest average leaf chlorophyll content, compared to the control treatment. The same treatment achieved the highest average stem diameter, compared to the control treatment.
Keywords: sulfur, Zea mays, growth and yield, grains
Copyright (c) 2026 Wurood Jasim Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Estimation of genetic divergence among maize genotypes under high plant densities and late sowing dates using cluster analysis
With the aim of grouping similar Egyptian and Iraqi genotypes of maize into homogeneous groups according to sowing date and plant density using cluster analysis and estimating the genetic divergence of the studied genotypes, the hierarchical clustering technique was used. A field experiment was carried out at Research Station A of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad, Department of Field Crops, in the Al-Jadriya area during the autumn season of 2023. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used with a split spilt-plots arrangement with four replications and three factors. The main plots included the two sowing dates (1st August and 10th), and the sub plots included the plant densities (70.000 and 90.000 plants ha⁻¹). Six genotypes of maize, two Iraqi and four Egyptian (Baghdad3, Al-Maha, TW-78, TW-345, IY-355, and IY-207), represented the sub-sub plots. The cluster analysis results showed that the genotypes differed in their clustering patterns according to sowing date and plant density. Euclidean distances also varied depending on the clustering pattern. The two genotypes that exhibited significant Euclidean distances were due to genetic differences and the presence of favorable genes not found in the other studied genotypes. The cluster analysis revealed that the Euclidean distance between the Iraqi variety Baghdad 3 and the Egyptian variety IY-355 was 8.779 and 14.47 at the first sowing date and densities of 70.000 plants h-1and 90.000 plants h-1, respectively. In contrast, the Iraqi variety Baghdad 3 and the Egyptian variety TW-78 exhibited an Euclidean distance of 9.44 at the second sowing date and densities of 70,000 plants h-1. At the second sowing date and densities, the same Iraqi variety and the Egyptian variety TW-345 exhibited the highest Euclidean distance of 9.58. Therefore, it is recommended to include these varieties in crosses with the genotypes that have shown positive results. It is clear that variation is used to take advantage of the hybrid vigor and isolations from it, and thus we conclude that this statistical technique is a successful alternative to molecular techniques in case they are not available.
Copyright (c) 2026 Entidhar Mirza , Banan Hadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effect of some microorganisms on exDNA traps of lettuce roots Lactuca sativa
The study was done in the winter of 2023-2024 in the wooden canopy of the College of Science/University of Al-Qadisiyah with the aim of investigating the effect of some microorganisms on the Root Extracellular Traps of the root environment of lettuce plants. The study included the isolation of two types of fungi, one of which is pathogenic, which is Aspergillus niger, which was isolated from soil samples by dilution series, and the other is a beneficial fungus, which is Trichoderma spp. It was also isolated from the soil by dilution series. Five seeds were planted per pot at a depth of 1.5 cm in 2 kg plastic pots filled with a mixture of soil and peat moss (1:1). After the lettuce sprouted, each seedling was transferred to a separate plastic pot. Extracellular DNA was isolated and extracted from the lettuce roots with and without fungi in the laboratories of Al-Qadisiyah University/College of Science. The results showed that deoxyribonucleic acid secreted from the root border cells is indeed present, as the DNA is secreted in the root periphery. The laboratory results confirmed the presence of mitochondrial DNA, plastid DNA, and plant DNA in lettuce Lactuca sativa. Real-time PCR technology was used to detect the amount of extracellular DNA secreted for each treatment. Trichoderma spp. Results similar to the condition of the plant without addition, while the percentage of extracellular DNA decreased in the presence of the fungus Aspergillus niger.
Amnah Saeed Abd Joda Al-Mossawi and Maha Ali Abd Al-Amir
Assessment of soil pollution in Wasit Governorate by brick factories in Al-Hay District
A field study was conducted during the spring season of 2024 to evaluate the effect of soil amendments and transpiration inhibitors on the water requirements of the peanut crop (Arachis hypogaea L.) under surface drip irrigation conditions in Wasit Governorate, adopting the calculation of actual water consumption based on 50% depletion of available water. The study included four types of soil amendments (biochar, peat moss, perlite, and a control without amendment) and three types of transpiration inhibitors (okra extract, potassium silicate, and a control without inhibitor). The results showed the superiority of the biochar treatment combined with okra extract in reducing actual water consumption, recording the lowest value of 353.6 mm compared with the control treatment, which recorded 712.6 mm. This was accompanied by a clear reduction in the number of irrigations and the amount of irrigation water at all growth stages. This treatment also led to a significant decrease in crop coefficient (Kc) values, reflecting improved water use efficiency and reduced water loss without negatively affecting plant growth. Overall, the results indicate that soil amendments, particularly biochar, effectively contributed to reducing water requirements, while okra extract outperformed potassium silicate in limiting water loss through transpiration. The interaction between soil amendments and transpiration inhibitors proved to be more effective than using either alone, achieving water savings of up to about 50% without harming plant growth. These findings highlight the importance of adopting integrated water management techniques to enhance water use efficiency and support the sustainability of peanut cultivation in water-scarce environments.
Riyam Mezher Abd1, Jamal Naser Abdulrahman2, and Riyadh Jabbar Mansour Al-Maliki3
Copyright (c) 2026 murtaza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Application Different Lighting Programs on Some Productive Performance of Broiler (ROSS 308)
This study was conducted from September 10, 2023, to November 13, 2023, at the poultry farm of the Animal Production Department of the College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. The objective was to compare the effects of continuous lighting systems with various intermittent lighting regimes on the productive performance of broilers. A total of 216 one-day-old unsexed ROSS308 chicks were randomly assigned to six experimental treatments, with three replicates each consisting of 12 chicks. Each treatment was reared in a separate sectiona. From hatching to four days old, chicks received 23 hours of light per day. The lighting programs started on the fifth day and lasted until the end of the 35-day trial. The experiment parameters were as follows: T1: continuous lighting (22 L, 2 D); T2: intermittent lighting (11 L: 1 D) twice a day; T3: continuous lighting (20 L: 4 D); T4: intermittent lighting (5 L: 1D) four times a day; T5: continuous lighting (18 L: 6 D) daily; T6: intermittent lighting (3 L: 1D) six times a day. The results showed a significant increase (P≤0.05) in live body weight, cumulative weight gain, and cumulative feed intake up to 35 days of age in birds increase under the T1 and T2 programs. Significant improvements (P≤0.05) were observed in feed conversion rate, economic index, and livability ratio for birds under T4, T5, and T6 programs in the study.
Using of Comet Assay to detect DNA Damage in Infertility Men
Male infertility is a major health concern and is often accompanied by abnormal semen parameters. The detection and understanding of these abnormalities are critical in the improvement of fertility treatments and outcomes. This study aims to compare semen quality between men with infertility and healthy controls, focusing on sperm count, motility, morphology, and other important semen parameters. A cohort of infertile men and healthy control donors were evaluated for semen parameters. Semen volume, sperm count, motility, vitality, and morphology measurements and the analysis were performed by using standardized laboratory procedures. The statistical differences were determined by applying independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and descriptive analysis. The semen volume in men with a diagnosis of infertility was significantly reduced compared to the control group (1.17 ± 0.50 ml versus 3.39 ± 0.56 ml, p < 0.0001). The sperm count in infertile men was also significantly lower (8.15 ± 4.02 x10⁶/ml versus 79.33 ± 9.20 x10⁶/ml, p < 0.0001). Moreover, sperm motility and vitality were significantly reduced, with motility being 24.75 ± 10.10% and active sperm at 1.73 ± 0.86%, compared to controls (76.26 ± 9.05% and 21.33 ± 9.02%, p < 0.0001). Abnormal sperm morphology was increased in infertile men (91.03 ± 3.25% vs. 10.46 ± 3.97%, p < 0.0001), while normal morphology was significantly lower. Semen morphology parameters (Q2 and Q3) showed wide variability within the infertility group, though differences between groups were not statistically significant. Men with a diagnosis of infertility showed significant semen-quality anomalies, presenting decreased sperm count, motility, and vitality, and an increased incidence of atypical sperm morphology. Our findings underline the necessity for developing better diagnostic tools in terms of DNA integrity assessment and tailored therapeutic interventions for male infertility treatment. Further studies are required on large populations to investigate the clinical consequences of these observations.
Effect of furrow and drip surface irrigation on growth and yield of broccoli (Brassica oleracea) grown under mulch and non-mulch conditions
Adopting low-input and water-efficient technologies is crucial for crop production and agricultural sustainability, particularly in semi-arid regions, as the country's growing water demand highlights. The goal of the current study was to assess how well plastic mulch works at the field level to enhance surface irrigation performance. The combined effects of drip and furrow irrigation lengths, with and without plastic mulching, on broccoli productivity were evaluated in a field experiment. According to the study's findings, mulching produced the most flowers overall, with surface irrigation producing 20.67 Mg ha-1 and drip irrigation 18.26 Mg ha-1, Additionally, under furrow irrigation, broccoli flowers with mulching had larger average sizes (35.22 cm) than those without mulching (26.76 cm).
Determination Irrigation Requirement for Some Vegetables and Fruits using FAO-CROPWAT model in in Southern Part of Iraq
Crop water requirements (CWR) in semi-arid regions are critical in improving the efficiency of irrigation. The paper estimated the crop irrigation requirement for some vegetables and fruits in Basra, southern Iraq using CROPWAT model. The CROPWAT tool developed by FAO, it was applied in processing climate, soil, and crop data. The total amount of water that wheat, barley, and rice needed for irrigation in the study area was 99.1 mm, 103.1 mm, and 404.1 mm, respectively.Analysis entailed the assessment of the water demand and irrigation requirement (CWR & IR) of three plants in the order of Date Palm (1722.7, 1593) > Tomato (470.3, 415.4) > Pepper (427.9, 393.2) mm/dec. Estimation of crop water requirement involves a number of variables, including soil type, location, agricultural practices, air temperature, and effective rainfall. In addition, the demands of water are not constant at all stages of the crop. The findings showed that the frequency of irrigation of date palm, tomato, and pepper was high at first because of large values of ET 0 and shallow roots. This frequency reduced in the mid-season when there was a reduction in the evapotranspiration levels and expansion of root systems thus resulting in maximum water retention in the soil. The research encouraged better utilization of water by optimizing the irrigation schedule with the help of CROPWAT tool that will alleviate the adverse effects of improper irrigation like soil erosion, water shortage, and environmental problems in semi-arid areas like Basra Governorate, Iraq.
Saja, Athraa, Abeer, Amal, Mohammed, Idrees
Study on Major Crops Water Demand and Irrigation Scheduling in Basrah Governorate Based on CROPWAT Model
Scarcity of water in Iraq represents a major environmental challenge, driven by factors such as global climate change and the blocking of river flows by dams in upstream countries. Recognizing crop water requirements (CWR) in semi-arid regions is critical for improving irrigation planning, scheduling, and optimizing water use. This study calculated the irrigation water demands for the crops were ranked as follows: Rice (1475.8 mm/decade) > Maize (439.3 mm/decade) > Wheat (103.9 mm/decade). Irrigation scheduling was calculated as two events for wheat, three for maize, and sixteen for rice. Rice, as the main summer crop, required greater quantities of water and more frequent irrigation compared to maize and wheat. These results highlight that rice needed much more irrigation due to limited rainfall during its growing period. Mo revere. the plants cultivated during warmer periods require increased irrigation supply too, which mean it is negatively associated with reduced rainfall and positively with higher evapotranspiration rates. The research emphasizes the importance of employing advanced scientific tools like the CROPWAT and CLIMWAT models to achieve precise irrigation scheduling for farmers. Moreover, it provides valuable insights for policymakers, farmers and water resource managers to develop water management strategies. in Iraq
Different effects of heavy metals in plant growth and soil degradation
This article aims to identify the extent of the danger of heavy metals that spread in the environment. It is released into the soil in several ways, which leads to changes in some of its chemical, physical and biological properties in a way that makes it negatively affect all forms of life on its surface, such as humans, animals and plants. The danger lies in the fact that it remains in the soil for a long period of time without decomposition or any chemical change, and it enters into the natural cycle of the environment and is transferred between its various parts and contents. The article includes the methods of transferring elements from the soil solution contaminated with them through plant roots, their entry into the plant, and their transport by plant sap to the rest of the plant parts through the process of transpiration. There are other factors that control the movement of elements within the tissues of different plants, such as the degree of interaction, oxidation and reduction processes, ionic competition, hydrolysis, polymerization, and the formation of dissolved salts such as (oxalates and phosphates). It has inhibitory effects on plants by reducing and delaying growth due to its toxicity, which disrupts various metabolic activities in cells, such as photosynthesis, respiration, the formation of nucleic acids, the formation of proteins, as well as the activity and effectiveness of various enzymes and other vital processes that take place within plants, which ultimately leads to harm to their growth in all its stages and their productive capacity. Therefore, it poses a threat to life when used as food. The article also highlights the extent to which some plants growing in environments polluted with heavy metals can store them in their roots while controlling their transfer from the roots to the stems, leaves and fruits as a type of adaptation to resist the toxicity of these elements. The greater the amount of heavy metals in the soil, the greater the absorption process by the plant. Plants show resistance to toxicity to varying degrees by preventing its accumulation in the targeted sites or through the mechanism of tolerance to these elements when they enter the cytoplasm and when their level increases within plant tissues. The plant either collects or accumulates them in special locations in the roots, in the vegetative system, or in the fruits called vesicles, or converts them into other non-toxic forms inside the plant.
Salwa , Ashrf , Abdul Baqi Al Shamary , Shref , Al Maamouri
This study aimed to evaluate the extent of soil pollution with selected heavy metals lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni) and to assess the impact of gases and volatile emissions from brick factories in Al-Hay District, Wasit Governorate. Soil pollution was quantified using the Contamination Factor (CF) and the Degree of Contamination (Cdeg), while measured concentrations were compared to international standards (WHO, 2007), which classify soils as polluted when Pb, Cr, Cd, Co, and Ni exceed 100, 200, 3, 10, and 50 mg kg⁻¹ soil, respectively four sampling sites were established at distances of 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 m from the pollution source, with an additional reference site at 3000 m. Soil samples were collected from two depths (0–30 cm and 30–60 cm) in both southeastern and northwestern directions. The data were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Least Significant Difference (LSD) tests to identify significant differences between sites and depths.Results indicated that soils in the southeastern direction, particularly at 500 m and the surface layer (0–30 cm), recorded the highest concentrations of all studied heavy metals. Concentrations at the first depth consistently exceeded those in the deeper layer (30–60 cm), reflecting accumulation of airborne pollutants in the topsoil. The CF values for Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, and Ni at the southeastern site (500 m, 0–30 cm) were 8.66, 10.55, 14.40, 21.22, and 11.90, respectively, indicating very high pollution, while the northwestern sites exhibited significantly lower CF values. Similarly, the Cdeg values reached 66.73 and 60.37 at the two depths of the southeastern site, confirming a very high degree of contamination These findings demonstrate that brick factory emissions have a substantial spatial impact on soil quality, with the southeastern downwind direction being the most affected. The study highlights the importance of monitoring industrial emissions, providing critical insights for environmental management and soil protection in regions affected by brick manufacturing.
Soil pollution; Heavy metals (Lead, Cadmium, Cobalt, Chromium, Nickel); Brick factories; Pollution Factor (CF); Contamination Degree (Cdeg).
Copyright (c) 2026 Zainab Saad Ahmed1 Mahdi wasmi Saheeb2 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Production of plant pharmaceutical compounds in laboratory : (Article review)
Plants are the major source of essential secondary metabolites (SM), which are compound that medicinally useful for drug discovery and the treatment of numerous diseases moreover, these bioactive compounds are commonly used by the plants to perform various important functions, such as defense against herbivores and resistance to abiotic stress and diseases. Due to overexploitation, these medicinal plants are threatened with extinction. Therefore, there is an urgent need to manufacture plant-derived bioactive compounds on a commercial scale using unconventional methods to meet the needs of the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. This review article highlight the current advancements and future approaches for the production of secondary metabolites using pharmaceutical techniques such as plant tissue culture and genetic engineering represents a transformative approach to meet the growing demand for these valuable compounds. It is also summarizes the advanced in vitro culture techniques, such as callus culture, cell suspension culture, and bioreactor systems, provide controlled environments that enhance the yield and quality of metabolites. These approaches overcome the limitations of seasonal and environmental variability associated with conventional agriculture. As well as the importance of genetic engineering techniques which has revolutionized the field by enabling precise manipulation of biosynthetic pathways through gene cloning and metabolic engineering.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sanaria Alallaq, Dr. Emad Hamdi Jassim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Moisture Depletion, Soil Conditioners, and Transpiration Inhibitors on the Physical Properties of Soil Cultivated with Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
The experiment was conducted in the experimental field of the College of Agriculture, University of Wasit, located at a longitude of 45°50′33.5″ E and a latitude of 32°29′49.8″ N, during the 2023 autumn season. The study aimed to investigate the effect of moisture depletion, soil conditioners, and transpiration inhibitors on some physical properties of soil cultivated with sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The experiment was carried out using a split–split plot design (RCBD) with three factors. The first factor was moisture depletion at two levels: 50% and 75% of available water. The second factor was soil conditioners, including two types, zeolite and perlite, along with a control without any amendment. The third factor was the transpiration inhibitor (Orslic) and a control without inhibitor. Sunflower seeds (Flamy variety) were sown on 1/8/2023 using the drilling method and harvested on 25/11/2023. All experimental units were irrigated twice before germination, based on the 50% moisture depletion level and the volumetric moisture content obtained from the soil moisture characteristic curve. Irrigation depths were calculated using soil moisture measurements and the water balance equation. Soil moisture content was determined after each irrigation and before the subsequent irrigation, according to the moisture depletion levels used in the experiment (50% and 75% of available water), to schedule irrigation throughout the growing season. The main results can be summarized as follows: The plots irrigated at 50% moisture depletion significantly outperformed those irrigated at 75% moisture depletion in reducing soil bulk density at the end of the season, with a value of 1.121 g·cm⁻³ compared to 1.176 g·cm⁻³ for the 75% treatment. Similarly, the 50% moisture depletion treatment significantly increased total porosity, reaching 55.493% compared to 54.089% for the 75% treatment. This treatment also exceeded the 75% treatment in saturated hydraulic conductivity, recording 1.14 and 1.09 cm/h, respectively. Additionally, soil aggregate stability was higher under the 50% moisture depletion treatment, at 27.2% compared to 25.9% for the 75% depletion level. Treatments amended with zeolite significantly outperformed those with perlite and the control in reducing soil bulk density at the end of the season, with values of 1.093 g·cm⁻³ compared to 1.111 and 1.242 g·cm⁻³ for the perlite and control treatments, respectively. Zeolite also significantly increased total porosity (57.999%), saturated hydraulic conductivity (1.18 cm/h), and soil aggregate stability (28.1%) compared to perlite (55.98%, 1.15 cm/h, 26.6%) and the control (50.39%, 1.01 cm/h, 24.9%)
Doaa , Jamal, Riyadh Al-Waeli , Al-Saadoun, Al-Maliki
Early detection of some crops responses to water stress using imaging and artificial intelligence techniques
The current study was done to evaluate the efficiency of imaging techniques, determine the accuracy and reliability of artificial intelligence models in the early detection of various types of environmental stresses, and study the possibility of combining imaging techniques and artificial intelligence into an integrated system that can be used in agricultural practices, particularly for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) crops. The plants were divided into four groups according to environmental stress factors. The control group included unstressed plants; the second group included plants exposed to water stress (drought). The results of the visual spectrum analysis of water stress images showed that the yellow color intensity of wheat plants was measured at 12.62% on day (10) and a burn rate of 9.71% for the same day. In oat plants, the intensity was 0.91% on day (10) and a burn rate of 10.82% for both plants. The results of the thermal image analysis of water stress in both plants showed an increase in the intensity of red color and the development of leaf reddening. This intensity began to appear in the image (F.bmp) at 0.93% and reached its maximum in the image (J.bmp), recording a color intensity of 10.58% in wheat plants. In oat plants, the intensity began to appear in the image (F.bmp), recording 3.17%, and reached its maximum in the image (J.bmp), recording 10.82%, and indicating deterioration in the physiological condition of the plants. Based on the above, oat plants showed greater sensitivity to the three types of stresses compared to thermal imaging. The study demonstrated that thermal imaging technology was more effective in early detection of stresses in both plants. The results of combining imaging and artificial intelligence techniques using PlantDoc AI and Plantix for both plants and all stresses also showed that both programs provided confidence levels ranging from 70-96% for wheat plants and 60-97% for oat plants, enhancing the accuracy of early detection of stresses to which plants are exposed.
Keywords: water stress, imaging, artificial intelligence, visible spectrum
Copyright (c) 2026 Shams Adel Aziz Al-Lami ; Maha Ali Abdul Amir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0