Sperm Acrosome: Its Site ,Structure, Function ,and Its Role in: A review Study

Abstract

Fertilization was defined as the process resulting from the fusion of the two parental gametes, the oocyte and the spermatozoon. When mammalian oocytes and spermatozoa were  meeting in the oviduct, a series of steps were set in motion that led to fertilization and ultimately to the development of a new individual. Fertilization induces a cascade of critical events that result in the development of the zygote. Capacitated, free-swimming spermatozoa must initially recognize and bind following cumulus penetration to the zona pellucida of the ovulated oocyte. The sperm cell must complete the acrosome reaction that enables it to penetrate through the thickness of this extracellular coat, then bind to and fuse with the oocyte plasma membrane to activate the ootid.

The penetration of sperm into the ovum membranes is a special event that leads to the formation of Zycote. The sperm acrosome was considered a measure of fertility in animals, males. The lack acrosome was considered sterile and its cannot reproduction naturally or use the invitro fertilization techniques (IVF) without use of assisted reproductive techniques like intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), as sperm is inserted into the egg's cytoplasm. This is evidence that the structural and integrity of sperm acrosome is very necessary for the success of the fertilization process. The sperm acrosome arises from the Golgi apparatus, which works to convert many enzymes that were degraded and stored within acrosome, which were preserved ineffectively until binding of the spermatozoon to the oocyte zona pellucida, at which point an important process called the acrosome reaction begins to trigger these enzymes to dissolve the walls of the oocyte and enter the sperm inside it and form a fertilized egg. The attachment of the sperm with the egg occurs through specific receptors located in the head of the sperm. In addition, there are other factors surrounding the sperm and the ovum, which lead to beginning of acrosome reaction, the release of acrosome hydrolysis enzymes to start fertilization process. Therefore, this study aims to clarify some of the mechanisms by which this process and how acrosome was formed, development and maturation within spermatogenesis